- Letzing J. What is women’s ‘bodily autonomy’ and why does it matter for everyone? [Internet]. Geneva: World Economic Forum; 2025 Mar 3 [cited 2025 Jul 7]. Available from: https://www.weforum.org/stories/2025/03/what-is-bodily-autonomy-and-why-does-it-matter-for-women/. 
- Madden M, Calvin A, Hasse A, Lenhart A. The dawn of the AI era: teens, parents, and the adoption of generative AI at home and school. : Common Sense; 2024. 
- eSafety Commissioner. Technology-facilitated abuse: family, domestic and sexual violence literature scan. Canberra: Australian Government; 2023. 
- eSafety Commissioner. Tech trends position statement: generative AI. Canberra: Australian Government; 2023. 
- Carson D. Children’s agency, images and consent [Internet]. Canberra: The Spoke; 2018 Jul 25 [cited 2025 Oct 21]. Available from: https://thespoke.earlychildhoodaustralia.org.au/childrens-agency-images-consent/. 
- Regehr K, Shaughnessy C, Zhao M, Shaughnessy N. Safer scrolling: how algorithms popularise and gamify online hate and misogyny for young people. London: UCL and University of Kent; 2024. 
- Koester D, Marcus R. How does social media influence gender norms among adolescent boys? A review of evidence. ALIGN report. London: ODI; 2024. 
- Reset Australia. Algorithms as a weapon against women: how YouTube lures boys and young men into the ‘manosphere’. Sydney: Reset Australia; 2022. 
- Haslop C, Ringrose J, Cambazoglu I, Milne B. Mainstreaming the manosphere’s misogyny through affective homosocial currencies: exploring how teen boys navigate the Andrew Tate effect. Social Media + Society. 2024;10(1):1-11. 
- Respect Victoria. Strategic plan 2023–2028. Melbourne: Respect Victoria; 2023. 
- eSafety Commissioner. Position statement: recommender systems and algorithms. Canberra: Australian Government; 2022. 
- Our Watch. Change the story: a shared framework for the primary prevention of violence against women in Australia. 2nd ed. Melbourne: Our Watch; 2021. 
- Australian Government. National Plan to End Violence against Women and Children 2022–2032. Ending gender-based violence in one generation. Canberra: Department of Social Services; 2022. 
- eSafety Commissioner. eSafety position statement: online harmful sexual behaviours in children and young people under 18. Canberra: Australian Government; 2020. 
- Newman P. Harmful sexual behaviours (HSBs) research report. The Hague: Terre des Hommes Netherlands; 2025. 
- Woodall N. Police investigate sexually explicit deepfake images of students at Gladstone Park Secondary College [Internet]. Australia: ABC News; 2025 Feb 21 [cited 2025 Mar 7]. Available from: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-02-21/gladstone-park-secondary-explicit-deepfakes-students/104965106. 
- Hunt G, Higgins D. AI nudes of Victorian students were allegedly shared online. How can schools and parents respond to deepfake porn? [Internet]. The Guardian; 2024 Jun 12 [cited 2025 Mar 7]. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/article/2024/jun/12/ai-nudes-of-victorian-students-were-allegedly-shared-online-how-can-schools-and-parents-respond-to-deepfake-porn. 
- Singer N. Teen girls confront an epidemic of deepfake nudes in schools [Internet]. The New York Times; 2024 Apr 8 [cited 2025 Mar 7]. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/08/technology/deepfake-ai-nudes-westfield-high-school.html. 
- Jones S. Spain sentences 15 schoolchildren over AI-generated naked images [Internet]. The Guardian; 2024 Jul 10 [cited 2025 Mar 7]. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/09/spain-sentences-15-school-children-over-ai-generated-naked-images. 
- Dubinski K. Kids call for more lessons on AI after fake nudes posted by London Catholic students [Internet]. CBC News; 2024 Apr 4 [cited 2025 Mar 7]. Available from: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/london/london-ontario-st-thomas-aquinas-sta-deepfake-ai-nude-sexual-imagery-1.7163183. 
- Our Watch. Respectful relationships education: a blueprint for preventing gender-based violence through education systems. Melbourne: Our Watch; 2025. 
- Flynn A, Cama E, Scot AJ. Preventing image-based abuse in Australia: the role of bystanders. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology; 2022. 
- Walsh K, Mathews B, Parvin K, Smith R, Burton M, Nicholas M, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of online child sexual victimization: findings from the Australian Child Maltreatment Study. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2025;160:107186. 
- Noble SU. Algorithms of oppression: how search engines reinforce racism. New York: New York University Press; 2018. 
- National Office for Child Safety. National Strategy to Prevent and Respond to Child Sexual Abuse 2021–2030. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia; 2021. 
- eSafety Commissioner. Mind the gap: parental awareness of children’s exposure to risks online. Canberra: Australian Government; 2022. 
- Project Rockit. Shaping our feeds: young people’s experiences of social media algorithms. Melbourne: Project Rockit; 2024. 
- eSafety Commissioner. A new playground: the digital lives of young people with disability. Canberra: Australian Government; 2023. 
- eSafety Commissioner. Tipping the balance: LGBTIQ+ teens’ experiences negotiating connection, self-expression and harm online. Canberra: Australian Government; 2024. 
- Bloemen N, De Coninck D. Social media and fear of missing out in adolescents: the role of family characteristics. Social Media + Society. 2020;6(4):2056305120965517. 
- Ging D. Digital culture, online misogyny, and gender-based violence. In: Gallagher M, Montiel AV, editors. The Handbook of Gender, Communication, and Women’s Human Rights. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons; 2023. p. 213-27. 
- Recuero R. The platformization of violence: toward a concept of discursive toxicity on social media. Social Media + Society. 2024;10(1):1-9. 
- Diepeveen S. Hidden in plain sight: how the infrastructure of social media shapes gender norms. ALIGN Report. London: ODI; 2022. 
- Women’s Aid. Influencers and attitudes: how will the next generation understand domestic abuse? Bristol: Women’s Aid; 2023. 
- CCDH Quant Lab. The incelosphere: exposing pathways into incel communities and the harms they pose to women and children. Washington, D.C.: Center for Countering Digital Hate; 2022. 
- Wescott S, Roberts S, Zhao X. The problem of anti-feminist ‘manfluencer’ Andrew Tate in Australian schools: women teachers’ experiences of resurgent male supremacy. Gender and Education. 2024;36(2):167-82. 
- Internet Matters. “It’s really easy to go down that path”: young people’s experiences of online misogyny and image-based abuse. London: Internet Matters; 2023. 
- Fisher K, Rice S, Seidler Z. Young men’s health in a digital world. Melbourne: Movember Institute of Men’s Health; 2025. 
- Baker C, Ging D, Andreasen MB. Recommending toxicity: the role of algorithmic recommender functions on YouTube Shorts and TikTok in promoting male supremacist influencers. Dublin: DCU Anti-Bullying Centre, Dublin City University; 2024. 
- eSafety Commissioner. Behind the screen: the reality of age assurance and social media access for young Australians. Canberra: Australian Government; 2025. 
- Online Safety Amendment (Social Media Minimum Age) Act 2024. 
- Renström EA, Bäck H. Manfluencers and young men’s misogynistic attitudes: the role of perceived threats to men’s status. Sex Roles. 2024;90(12):1787-806. 
- Habib H, Srinivasan P, Nithyanand R. Making a radical misogynist: how online social engagement with the manosphere influences traits of radicalization. In: Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction. 2022;6(CSCW2):1-28. 
- Google; Ipsos. Our life with AI: from innovation to application. Mountain View, California: Google; 2025. 
- Thorn. Deepfake nudes & young people: navigating a new frontier in technology-facilitated nonconsensual sexual abuse and exploitation. Manhattan Beach, California: Thorn; 2025. 
- My Image My Choice. Deepfake abuse: landscape analysis. The exponential rise of deepfake abuse in 2023 – 2024 [Internet]. United States: My Image My Choice; 2024 Feb [cited 2025 Mar 21]. Available from: https://www.canva.com/design/DAGLHpt6WlY/Hfztqtw_-tKza_2l1cPNrA/view?utm_content=DAGLHpt6WlY&utm_campaign=designshare&utm_medium=link&utm_source=editor. 
- Security Hero. 2023 state of deepfakes: realities, threats and impact [Internet]. United States: Security Hero; 2023 [cited 2025 Mar 7]. Available from: https://www.securityhero.io/state-of-deepfakes/ 
- Henry N, Umbach R. Sextortion: prevalence and correlates in 10 countries. Computers in Human Behavior. 2024;158:108298. 
- Umbach R, Henry N, Beard GF, Berryessa CM. Non-consensual synthetic intimate imagery: prevalence, attitudes, and knowledge in 10 countries. In: Proceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems; Honolulu, HI, USA: Association for Computing Machinery; 2024. 
- Flynn A, Powell A, Scott AJ, Cama E. Deepfakes and digitally altered imagery abuse: a cross-country exploration of an emerging form of image-based sexual abuse. The British Journal of Criminology. 2022;62(6):1341-58. 
- Internet Matters. The new face of digital abuse: children’s experiences of nude deepfakes. London: Internet Matters; 2024. 
- Internet Watch Foundation. What has changed in the AI CSAM landscape? Cambridge, UK: Internet Watch Foundation; 2024. 
- Ofcom. Deepfake defences: mitigating the harms of deceptive deepfakes. London: Ofcom; 2024. 
- Australian Federal Police. Submission No 2 to Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs, Criminal Code Amendment (Deepfake Sexual Material) Bill 2024. Canberra: Parliament of Australia; 2024. 
- Online Safety Amendment (Digital Duty of Care) Bill 2024. 
- eSafety Commissioner. eSafety’s consultation on the social media age restrictions. Canberra: Australian Government; 2025. 
- eSafety Commissioner. Image-based abuse. National survey: summary report. Canberra: Australian Government; 2017. 
- Attorney-General’s Department. Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse. Final report: volume 10, children with harmful sexual behaviours. Canberra: Australian Government; 2017. 
- Wolbers H, Cubitt T, Napier S, Cahill MJ, Nicholas M, Burton M, Giunta K. Sexual extortion of Australian adolescents: results from a national survey. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology; 2025. 
- Ringrose J, Regehr K, Milne B. Understanding and combatting youth experiences of image-based sexual harassment and abuse. London: UCL Institute of Education; 2021. 
- O’Rourke F, Haslop C. ‘We’re respectful boys … we’re not misogynistic!’: analysing defensive, contradictory and changing performances of masculinity within young men’s in-person and digitally mediated homosocial spaces. Journal of Gender Studies. 2024:1-18. 
- Laffier J, Rehman A. Deepfakes and harm to women. Journal of Digital Life and Learning. 2023;3(1):1-21. 
- Children’s Commissioner for England. “One day this could happen to me”: children, nudification tools and sexually explicit deepfakes. London: Children’s Commissioner for England; 2025. 
- Body Safety Australia. Impact report: annual report 2024. Melbourne: Body Safety Australia; 2024. 
- Braun V, Clarke V. Thematic analysis: a practical guide. London: Sage; 2021. 
- Nominet. More than 2.7m parents share family photos with complete strangers online [Internet]. Oxford: Nominet; 2018 Feb 6 [cited 2025 Jul 11]. Available from: https://nominet.uk/news/more-than-2-7m-parents-share-family-photos-with-complete-strangers-online/. 
- Ferrara P, Cammisa I, Corsello G, Giardino I, Vural M, Pop TL, et al. Online “sharenting”: the dangers of posting sensitive information about children on social media. The Journal of Pediatrics. 2023;257:113322. 
- Kumar P, Schoenebeck S. The modern day baby book: enacting good mothering and stewarding privacy on Facebook. In: Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing; Vancouver, BC, Canada. New York: Association for Computing Machinery; 2015. p. 1302–12. 
- Divon T, Annabell T, Goanta C. Children as concealed commodities: ethnographic nuances and legal implications of kidfluencers’ monetisation on TikTok. New Media & Society. Published online January 19, 2025. 
- INHOPE. What are 'kidfluencers? [Internet]. Amsterdam: INHOPE; 2022 Sep 6 [cited 2025 Aug 11]. Available from: https://www.inhope.org/EN/articles/what-are-kidfluencers 
- Anciones Anguita K, Checa Romero M. Making money on OnlyFans? A study on the promotion of erotic content platforms on social media and their influence on adolescents. Sexuality & Culture. 2025. 
- United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989. 
- Crespi I, Scocco M, Palermo M. Gender socialisation and identity formation across generations. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education. 2025;15:46-61. 
- Carrasco Rueda AB, González Gijón GM, Martínez Heredia N. Systematic review on gender socialisation in pre-school education. Pedagogía Social. 2023;43:191-204. 
- eSafety Commissioner. Digital use and risk: online platform engagement among children aged 10 to 15. Canberra: Australian Government; 2025. 
- eSafety Commissioner. Levelling up to stay safe: young people’s experiences navigating the joys and risks of online gaming. Canberra: Australian Government; 2024. 
- Scholes L, Mills KA, Wallace E. Boys’ gaming identities and opportunities for learning. Learning, Media and Technology. 2022;47(2):163-78. 
- eSafety Commissioner. Being a young man online: tensions, complexities and possibilities. Canberra: Australian Government; 2024. 
- Hutchinson J, Clement DY, Gheorghe RM, Kellum L, Shuttleworth A. “I’m not super familiar with children’s ecosystems online”: expert assessments on the effects of early childhood exposure to extremism online. Perspectives on Terrorism. 2025;19(1):64-90. 
- Tanner S, Gillardin F. Toxic communication on TikTok: sigma masculinities and gendered disinformation. Social Media + Society. 2025;11(1):1-12. 
- Flood M, Dragiewicz M, Pease B. Resistance and backlash to gender equality: an evidence review. Brisbane: QUT Crime and Justice Research Centre; 2018. 
- Coumarelos C, Roberts N, Weeks N, Rasmussen V. Attitudes matter: the 2021 National Community Attitudes towards Violence against Women Survey (NCAS). Findings for young Australians (Research report, 08/2023). Sydney: Australia’s National Research Organisation for Women’s Safety; 2023. 
- Nelson C. “A public orgy of misogyny”: gender, power, media, and legal spectacle in Depp v Heard. Feminist Media Studies. 2025;25(2):233-49. 
- de Groot T, de Haan M, van Dijken M. Learning in and about a filtered universe: young people’s awareness and control of algorithms in social media. Learning, Media and Technology. 2023;48(4):701-13. 
- Henry N, Powell A, Flynn A. Not just ‘revenge pornography’: Australians’ experiences of image-based abuse. A summary report. Melbourne: RMIT; 2017. 
- Ross J. The idea that online life isn't real is trite—and harmful [Internet]. New York: WIRED; 2015 Oct 20 [cited 2025 Aug 14]. Available from: https://www.wired.com/2015/10/the-idea-that-online-life-isnt-real-is-trite-and-harmful/. 
- Australian Centre to Counter Child Exploitation. Online child sexual exploitation: understanding community awareness, perceptions, attitudes and preventative behaviours. Queensland: ACCCE; 2020. 
- Coumarelos C, Weeks N, Bernstein S, Roberts N, Honey N, Minter K, Carlisle E. Attitudes matter: the 2021 National Community Attitudes towards Violence against Women Survey (NCAS). Findings for Australia (Research report 02/2023). Sydney: Australia’s National Research Organisation for Women’s Safety; 2023. 
- Sutton S, Finkelhor D. Perpetrators' identity in online crimes against children: a meta-analysis. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2024;25(3):1756-68. 
- National Center for Missing & Exploited Children. Take It Down [Internet]. National Center for Missing & Exploited Children; 2025. Available from: https://takeitdown.ncmec.org/ 
- Sippy T, Enock FE, Bright J, Margetts HZ. Behind the deepfake: 8% create; 90% concerned. Surveying public exposure to and perceptions of deepfakes in the UK. arXiv Preprint posted Jul 8. 2024. 
- YouTube. Age-restricted content [Internet]. 2025. Available from: https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/2802167?hl=en. 
- Lloyd J, Dembele L, Dawes C, Jane S, Macmillan L. The Australian National Research Agenda to End Violence against Women and Children (ANRA) 2023–2028. Sydney: Australia’s Research Organisation for Women’s Safety (ANROWS); 2023. 
- Mamié R, Ribeiro MH, West R. Are anti-feminist communities gateways to the far right? Evidence from Reddit and YouTube. In: Proceedings of the 13th ACM Web Science Conference 2021; Virtual event, United Kingdom. New York: Association for Computing Machinery; 2021. p. 139–47. 
- Copland SJ. Reddit, the manosphere, and the male complaint [dissertation]. Canberra: Australian National University; 2022. 
- Respect Victoria. Summarising the evidence: online harassment and abuse against women. Melbourne: Respect Victoria; 2023. 
- Roose JM, Flood M, Greig A, Alfano M, Copland S. Chapter 3. Representations of masculinity by progenitor groups and extremists. Masculinity and violent extremism. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2022. p. 53-91. 
- Agius C, Cook K, Nicholas L, Ahmed A, Jehangir HB, Safa N, et al. Mapping right-wing extremism in Victoria: applying a gender lens to develop prevention and deradicalisation approaches. Melbourne: Victorian Government and Swinburne University of Technology; 2020. 
- Macdonald SJ, Donovan C, Clayton J. ‘I may be left with no choice but to end my torment’: disability and intersectionalities of hate crime. Disability & Society. 2023;38(1):127-47. 
.
 
      